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Environment and climate

Vineyard recovery after the fire

Stop, wait and think about the long-term vision for your vineyard before deciding how to rescue your vines. Explore research and first-hand experience after other fires.

Fire damage to the vineyard

Smoke Action Diagram
Fire damage and subsequent recovery will vary with each situation. Each business needs to carefully assess the damage to their vineyard and decide what’s best for each block and their business at the time.

What should you do straight after the fire?

Vines are tough — most vines with minor to moderate damage should recover fully within one to two years. However bad things look on day one after the fire, be patient. Before you determine how many vines you may need to replace, they will need time to recover from shock after the fire. You may also need time to recover before you start making decisions about the future of your vines.

Rapid surveillance and assessment of fire damage vineyards

As soon as possible after the fire:

  1. Safety first

    A fire ground is potentially dangerous. Only go back into your vineyard if the relevant fire authority has told you it’s safe to do so. 

    • Watch out for trip hazards, sharp objects under your feet and hot metal. 
    • Wear appropriate PPE, such as thick leather gloves, goggles and a face mask. The smoke from CCA posts is toxic — seek professional advice. 
    • Don’t stand under trees or power lines: both can fall after fire damage or heat stress.

  2. Get the water back on to whatever you can as soon as possible

    Even if your vines are blackened stumps and look dead,  water them. It's too soon to tell if they’ll shoot. 

    Walk through your vineyard and identify what irrigation capability you still have and what needs replacing. Where possible, cap pipes and divert water to make the most of the lines you still have and get the water straight onto the vines. These vines can be recovering while you shop for replacement irrigation supplies to get the rest of your vineyard up and running. 

    Your vines have been stressed by the heat, smoke and any direct damage — giving them a moist soil will provide them with the best chance to regrow and build carbohydrate reserves for dormancy. 

    Avoid soil erosion where possible by grading temporary contours or laying straw bales to control water run off on bare, fire-affected soils. 

  3. I can’t get my irrigation going – now what?

    Don’t panic. Whilst current evidence suggests that getting the water back on as soon as possible gives vines the best chance of recovery, all is not lost if practicalities and the availability of parts prevent it from happening as soon as you’d like. 

  4. Step back and let your vines respond

    DON’T reach for your chainsaw or snips, however tempting. Once the water is back on, step back and let nature take its course.

    Grapevines are tough and most will push new shoots from even seriously burned stumps. Once you can see which vines are responding and how, you can start making longer term decisions about the best way forward.

    WHY WAIT? Some growers regret acting too fast and wasting money on high-cost solutions before the extent of the damage was clear or their panic had subsided sufficiently to enable them to make rational decisions.

  5. Learn from other grower experiences and agencies

    Take a look at stories from growers like yourself who have been in the same situation and have got through it. Think about the choices they had, the decisions they made and how they and their vineyards recovered as a result of those decisions. How might the lessons they learned apply to you?

  6. Evidence for your insurer

    Gather the evidence you may need to support any claims with your insurer, such as noting dates and times of fire and activities in your vineyard, any action taken by you or government agencies, time spent fixing things up, as well as the acquisition of necessary supplies or services. Photos (including aerial or satellite), videos and receipts are all useful.

    Talk to your insurer ahead of fire season to identify what they will need in the event of a claim. Add this checklist to your fire plan.

Follow up care - the rest of the growing season

We understand that as a grower, you’re keen to know how quickly you can get back into full production, but it’s important to step back and think carefully about the best plan of action going forwards. It’s going to take a few weeks before your vines start to shoot (or not) and you can see what you’ve got to work with.

Should you cut back dead or damaged vines?

No, not yet. Delay your final damage assessment to at least eight weeks after the fire. Give your vines as much time as possible to respond. You need a very clear picture of viable wood, buds and shoots before you decide on your plan of action. 

AWRI research completed in a Pyrenees vineyard after a 2014 fire showed there was a significant difference between the expected and actual damage to vines between visual inspections that took place between 10 days and eight weeks after the fire. Giving the vines time to recover in the immediate weeks after being exposed to a fire is going to potentially change what you decide to do with your vineyard going forwards. Also, lessons leaned following the 2019 Cudlee Creek fires showed that vines with slight to moderate damage fully recovered within one to two seasons.

Should you remove any regrowth?

However untidy it looks, leave all fresh growth on your vines. This will maximise the opportunity for vines to build carbohydrate reserves for next season’s regrowth and grape production. 

Resist the temptation to go through your vineyard and chop out apparently ‘dead’ wood or select shoots for retraining before you have the full picture. 

Growers and researchers tried this approach after the 2019 Adelaide Hills fires. The vines pruned and retrained mid-season recovered no better and yielded no more fruit in the following vintages than those that were left alone until winter pruning. Getting in early (before winter) could just cost you unnecessary wages or cause you to miss the best recovery option. 

The reality is that at this point, you may not know which wood or buds are still viable. New growth can appear immediately after a fire but then fizzle out and die because internal damage to the trunk or cordons is stopping water and nutrients from flowing around the vine. If you prune too early, you could potentially make poor choices about what is living and capable of a full recovery, and what isn’t.

Should you remove fruit?

Removing fruit is an option and may provide benefit by diverting the vines’ energy away from ripening fruit to growth and recovery for the following year. Whether or not you choose this option will depend on the cost involved and whether the fruit is worth saving, or if it is so impacted by smoke that it is unusable.

Read more on smoke damage

What else can you do in the lead up to dormancy to rescue next year’s vintage?

Any new growth will need all the help it can get. Maintain soil moisture levels for active growth and monitor the foliage of recovering vines carefully for fertiliser needs, and pests and diseases. In other words, continue normal operational management of the vines and treat as usual. Even when the forthcoming season's crop is lost, it is essential to maintain the long-term health of the vines.

Can you clean up around the vineyard?

You may be able to take advantage of community volunteer and government-provided resources to help you in the weeks following the fire. It’s a great opportunity to clean out burned and unusable infrastructure, replace fences, etc. You’ve got a huge job ahead of you – use any help on offer that you can.

Take care

It’s easy to knock off and damage viable buds and shoots when pulling broken trellis wire and posts out of a row of burned vines. Try and avoid the vine area until you are clear on what’s viable and how you’re going to rework it going forwards.

Rubbish removal

Separate out fire-damaged posts, wire and driplines and stockpile or dispose of them responsibly.

CCA posts

Ash from burnt CCA -treated vineyard posts is highly toxic. Do not attempt to clean it up without first getting specialist advice. 

What to do with old CCA posts?

Plastic lines

Many irrigation line suppliers now have recycling options for old and damaged plastic pipes. Talk to yours before deciding what to do. 

Recycling of old plastic irrigation line

Metal and wire

Most canopy and fencing wires can be recycled. Contact your local scrap metal merchant or council for details.

Long-term vineyard recovery plan

What have you got to work with? How to quantify the fire damage

How to complete a visual assessment

Thoroughly assessing the impact of fire on the vineyard (mild, moderate or severe) will help you decide what to do next. This includes how best to restore your vineyard and whether replanting is the appropriate option. Objectively quantifying the extent of the damage will also be useful in dealings with grape purchasers and insurance companies. 

Vineyard variability, combined with uneven fire impact, can mean that the level of damage will vary between individual vines within a vineyard.

The following key steps can be used to assess the fire damage in your vineyard:

  1. Wait at least eight weeks after the fire before taking the time to complete this exercise,
  2. Refer to these guidelines to score the level of damage for each vine (mild, moderate, severe),
  3. Record the damage in an Excel spreadsheet,
  4. Overlay your spreadsheet onto a vineyard map.

Technology available to help you

Some tech providers offer a service to rapidly and objectively map fire damage in a vineyard, using high resolution satellite imagery.

Find out more here:

Rapid visual assessment and mapping of fire-damaged vineyards

Rapid surveillance and assessment of fire damage vineyards

Fire Recovery Case Studies

Grape Assess on the App Store

Rescue or replant – what’s your best option?

Once you have assessed the damage and the vines have reached dormancy, it’s time to take action. Your decision on whether to rescue or replant will likely aim to:

  • get your vineyard back to full health and productivity as soon as possible
  • return to consistent vigour and ripening capacity across each block.

It may well be worth sacrificing production in the short-term, to ensure your vines are healthy and well-established for the long run. If it’s an older vineyard, this may be an opportunity to critically assess the vineyard viability, profitability and other production issues, such as block performance, varietal desirability and suitability, and incidence of trunk disease. A change in business tactics may better address the challenges presented now and in the future.

Bushfire recovery video

Bushfire recovery video cover

Case study on vine management post-2015 bushfires featuring Greg Horner of Mount Bera Vineyards

Download case study

Grape Assess

Grape Assess is an App for recording vine disease and disorders. Developed by the University of Adelaide with Wine Australia funding, you can use it for monitoring and recording a range of vine diseases and disorders, including fire damage. Currently available for Apple iPhone devices, with access via Android currently under negotiation. Just a single tap records both exact location and vine fire damage score. 

Learn more

Factors to think about

  1. How badly the vineyard is damaged

    If the majority of the vines and infrastructure are severely damaged, you may decide that replanting is your only option. 

  2. Contracted fruit or own winery

    If your fruit is contracted for pre-agreed tonnage and quality, you may have fewer options than if you’re growing grapes for your own winery where you can be flexible with the wine you choose to produce. Have a chat with your contracted winery about their plans for the current vintage and going forwards.

  3. Health and productivity of the vineyard before the fire

    If your vines were struggling with trunk disease or to grow the tonnage and quality you needed before the fire, this may be a good time to cut your losses and replant.

  4. Condition of your infrastructure

    Posts, trellising and irrigation infrastructure are all costly to replace. If it was nearing the end of its life before the fire, this may be an opportunity for a fresh start. Rebuilding infrastructure or your vineyard also presents the opportunity to design infrastructure to take advantage of any new management practices and technology proven to reduce costs (for example water use and disease management) or increase yield or quality.

  5. Variety and clone

    Are you getting the best price for your fruit and producing a reliable vintage? This could be a good opportunity to replant with a grape variety in higher demand or attracting better prices, or to swap to one that has proven to cope better with changing weather events such as drought, summer rains and frosts.

  6. Rootstocks or own roots

    Whether you have invested in rootstocks and the location of the fire damage relative to the graft union (above or below) may also impact your decisions.

Bringing a damaged vineyard back to full production

If you have decided that the best plan of action for your business is to rescue the vines you have, it’s time to reach for your snips and chainsaw.

Replacing dead vines in a row of otherwise healthy or recoverable vines

If the root system of a vine has been damaged by radiant heat, it will most likely be dead and need replacing. This can be done in two ways, depending on the health and vigour of the vines next to the dead vine. 

Layering

If you can pull down a cane from an adjacent vine to act as a ‘nurse’ shoot, this is the best option.

The live, vigorous vine already has an established root system and canopy infrastructure that will feed the development of the new vine during winter and in the following growing seasons.

As a result, the replacement vine will have the same vigour and ripening capacity as the existing vines much sooner than a freshly planted rootling.

Watch a video of step-by-step instructions (from 25mins)

If the vine you want to use as the source of your nurse shoot is dead above ground, but the root system and stump are healthy enough to push up suckers, use the strongest sucker to train up to the wire to replace the vine that is suckering and use a lower sucker to layer across to replace the adjacent vine (that is completely dead).

If the adjacent vine is not vigorous enough to support a 'nurse' shoot, you can use one from further down the row. 

Planting a one-year-old rootling

If your vines are on rootstocks and a vine (above and below the graft) is completely dead, planting a one-year-old rootling will be the best solution for replacing it.

The same principles apply to replacing single vines as planting out a whole vineyard. Nick Dry (Foundation Viticulture) explains the steps you should take and the questions you should ask the nursery to ensure your replanting material is as healthy as possible. Given the time lag between ordering and delivery of planting material, you may not be able to replace the vines for a couple of seasons.

How to prune fire-damaged vines for best recovery

Mild to moderate fire damage

Studies in the Adelaide Hills have demonstrated that the most cost-effective management practice in the winter following a fire is to maintain spur pruning. The key is to identify the remaining viable buds on the vine structure (which will show themselves with time). Consider leaving more nodes to increase yield in the next season (around 150% of the normal target) to compensate for the impact of fire on the permanent cordon. 

It’s worth considering taking two years to rebuild the best vine infrastructure you can. Whilst it will sacrifice yield in the short term, it will set your vines up for higher yields and quality for the years to come. 

Conversion to cane pruning or trunk replacement should only be necessary where there are other advantages, such as the influence on grape quality (e.g. bunch architecture). In vineyards where cordon decline and trunk disease was impacting production before the fire, trunk replacement after a fire is justified, particularly as the crop in the following season has already been impacted.   

Severe damage

If you've waited for at least eight weeks to evaluate the response of the vineyard and there is no evidence of viable cordons but healthy roots are apparent, ‘beheading’ in winter may be the best option for severely damaged vines. 

This approach can be used for whole blocks, rows or singular vines, depending on your plan of action.  

So long as the cut is above the graft site, this applies to vines on own roots or rootstocks. 

Think about the size of roots in a five-year-old vine compared to a one-year-old rootling. This method takes advantage of the larger, healthy root system of your existing vines to push loads of nutrients and energy up into the new shoots bursting from the trunk. This allows a relatively quick recovery of the vine infrastructure and ensures the vines return to similar vigour and ripening capacity as the less damaged vines in the row or block as soon as possible. 

Protecting against trunk disease is critical

All cuts over 2cm should be protected.

Monitor the cuts for two weeks and replenish any cuts that are weeping or cracking.

Remind yourself how to protect your vines against grapevine trunk disease (PDF).

Ongoing management

If you’re keen to get back to full production as soon as possible, it’s vitally important to monitor your recovering vines carefully and frequently and to quickly manage any threats to their health and vigour. 

  • Complete a training pass every two weeks during the growing season following recue.
  • Manage vine vigour carefully to ensure energy is being directed into the most useful parts of the vine
  • Roll out your usual pest and disease management program.

Ensure spray passes cover all the new growth on the vine (from the ground upwards) not just the canopy.

Starting over - replanting or reworking the whole vineyard

Wine Australia and other partners have funded the development of resources to help you make the best decisions for your business should you need to cut your losses and replant the vineyard or block after fire. 

Whilst it’s a tough place to be, a carefully thought-out plan will help you make the best of a bad situation and set your business up for success.

Watch Nick Dry (Foundation Viticulture) explain the steps you should take and the questions you should ask the nursery to ensure your replanting material is as healthy as possible. Given the time lag between ordering and delivery of planting material, you may not be able to replace all vines for a couple of seasons.

Bushfire recovery video

Bushfire recovery video cover

Download case study

Recovery FAQs

Recovering from fire damage can be a complex process, and every vineyard will face different challenges. These FAQs provide practical guidance on assessing damage, supporting vine recovery, restoring infrastructure and making informed decisions in the weeks, months and years after a fire. They draw on industry experience and research to help growers navigate the recovery process and plan the best path forward for their business.

No - not yet.

Really only viable for high value vineyards.

No, so long as you're confident the protection is active.

The current recommendation is that you leave all new shoots on the vine right up to winter and prune back in winter, leaving the vine to take advantage of the full length of next year’s growing season to regrow its vine architecture. While some people have tried cleaning off excess shoots and retraining selected shoots after the fire, it’s unlikely that there is sufficient time left in the season for the selected shoots to reach a viable level of lignin before winter. Trials following the Adelaide Hills 2019 fires indicated that there was no advantage to taking this early approach and there was the potential to waste money doing the work.

Watch this video to learn more

No, this is not recommended any more.

No, don’t rush into anything. Evidence suggests that you’re better waiting to see how the vines respond before deciding on the best route forwards. At least 8 weeks, but until winter if you can.

This is an option, but if there is damage on the trunk, you’ll need to cut below the damage.

Potentially, there are fewer options available. Suckers that shoot below the graft union can’t be trained. However, there may be an option to regraft if the rootstock is still healthy and unaffected by fire.

Possibly. It’s a case of weighing up the potential vs the need to wait and monitor your vines.

Take care of yourself

Wine Australia has compiled a list of expert-led support services and programs that exist across financial, emotional, psychological, business, family, health, and technical challenges, including critical crisis care services, in support of the wellbeing of people across our sector.

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